Broiler Health: Identifying and Preventing Spiking Mortality Syndrome

Spiking Mortality Syndrome (SMS) is a serious concern in the poultry industry, particularly affecting broiler chickens. This condition, characterised by a sudden and unexplained increase in mortality rates among broilers, can lead to significant financial losses and disruptions in production. Understanding SMS, its causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies is crucial for poultry farmers and industry stakeholders to safeguard the health of their flocks and maintain optimal production levels.

What is Spiking Mortality Syndrome?

Spiking Mortality Syndrome primarily impacts broiler chickens, usually between 7 and 14 days old. The syndrome is marked by a rapid spike in mortality rates, often without any preceding signs of illness. Affected birds may appear healthy one day and suddenly die the next, leaving farmers puzzled and concerned. The mortality rate can range from 2% to 50% or more, depending on the severity of the outbreak and the measures taken to control it.

Initially observed in the late 80s and early 90s in the USA, it can be argued that there are no concrete measured in place until today to eradicate SMS. However, basic management practises in terms of hygiene, biosecurity, ventilation and lighting programmes have reduced the incidence of this syndrome. While occurrences of SMS are now considered sporadic, it is important to understand its symptoms and have management options in place to minimise financial losses. 

Symptoms of Spiking Mortality Syndrome

Identifying SMS in its early stages can be challenging, as there are often no clear signs before the sudden increase in mortality. However, there are a few indicators that farmers can watch for:

• Sudden Increase in Deaths: The most obvious sign of SMS is a sharp rise in the number of dead birds in the flock, often within a short period. These are also birds that seemed plump and healthy just a day or two ago. 
• Unnatural Posture: A common sign is that the affected birds are seen lying down on their bellies on top of the litter, leaning forward with their legs extended and outstretched. 
• Lethargy and Weakness: Affected birds may show signs of lethargy, weakness, and reluctance to move. They may also have a reduced appetite. Spasms and tremors may be present, but not conclusive. 
• Poor Growth: Birds that survive an SMS outbreak may exhibit stunted growth or poor feed conversion, impacting the overall productivity of the flock.

Causes of Spiking Mortality Syndrome

The exact cause of SMS is still not fully understood, but several factors have been identified as potential contributors:

1. Nutritional Imbalances: Inadequate or imbalanced nutrition, particularly in the first few days of a chick's life, can weaken the immune system and make birds more susceptible to SMS.

2. Infectious Agents: Viral infections, such as Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) and Arena viruses, are often associated with SMS outbreaks. These infections can suppress the immune system, making it harder for broilers to fight off other diseases.

3. Environmental Stressors: Poor environmental conditions, including inadequate ventilation, extreme temperatures, and high humidity, can contribute to the onset of SMS. Stress weakens the birds' immune systems, making them more vulnerable to disease.

4. Management Practices: Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inconsistent management practices can exacerbate the risk of SMS. Stress from handling, vaccination, or transport can also trigger the syndrome, as does over-recycling of litter.

Prevention and Management of Spiking Mortality Syndrome

Preventing SMS requires a combination of good management practices, proper nutrition, and vigilant monitoring. Here are some strategies to help reduce the risk of SMS in broiler flocks:

1. Ensure Proper Nutrition: Providing a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients, particularly during the early stages of a chick's life, is crucial. Ensure that feed contains adequate levels of vitamins, minerals, and proteins to support immune system development.

2. Maintain Good Biosecurity Practices: Implementing strict biosecurity measures can help prevent the introduction and spread of infectious agents. This includes controlling access to the farm, disinfecting equipment and facilities, and practicing good hygiene. Active pest control is also important as the Arena viruses are also known to infect beetles, mice, rats and birds.

3. Optimise Environmental Conditions: Maintaining a clean and well-ventilated environment is key to reducing stress on the birds. Ensure that temperature, humidity, and air quality are kept within optimal ranges to support bird health. Houses that are well-sealed with proper insulation goes a long way in minimising incidences of SMS.

4. Increase Hours of Total Darkness: Proper lighting programme to limit the number of hours of light for young broilers helps to increase the level of melatonin in birds. This elevates the level of growth hormone and reduce the incidence of hypoglycaemia.

5. Regular Monitoring and Early Intervention: Regularly monitor the flock for any signs of illness or unusual behaviour. Early detection of potential issues allows for timely intervention, which can help prevent the spread of SMS.

6. Vaccination Programs: Implementing a comprehensive vaccination program can help protect birds from common viral infections associated with SMS. Consult with a veterinarian to develop a tailored vaccination plan for your flock.

7. Stress Reduction: Minimise stressors as much as possible. Handle birds gently, avoid overcrowding, and provide a consistent daily routine to reduce the impact of stress on the flock.

Spiking Mortality Syndrome remains a challenging issue for the poultry industry, but with careful management and attention to detail, its impact can be minimised. By understanding the potential causes and symptoms of SMS, and by implementing preventive measures, poultry farmers can protect their flocks from this devastating condition. Maintaining good nutrition, biosecurity, and environmental management are key to preventing SMS and ensuring the overall health and productivity of broiler chickens.

Big Dutchman builds and equips modern, hygienic and environmentally controlled broiler houses across Asia. Click the ‘Send a Message’ Button below to talk to us.